Category: Medicaid

Policy Watch: Alabama Medicaid coverage of noninvasive colorectal cancer screenings and colonoscopies 

February 22, 2025 | Kevin Joseph, LHC Student Assistant

Background 

Established to provide health care coverage to low-income people, Medicaid is a state-delivered health insurance program jointly financed by the states and federal government. Medicaid covers over 80 million people nationwide, accounting for approximately a fifth of all healthcare spending nationally. The structure of the Medicaid program allows for state Medicaid agencies to decide (with some parameters) what populations and services are covered (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2024). 

For Medicaid enrollees in Alabama Medicaid, the Covered Services Handbook by the Alabama Medicaid Agency does not indicate that colorectal cancer screenings are covered for enrollees (Alabama Medicaid, n.d.). Colorectal cancer is currently the third most diagnosed cancer in the United States, with over 150,000 predicted diagnoses in 2025 (American Cancer Society, 2025). The most recent CDC data shows that 2,510 cases of colorectal cancer were reported in 2021 in Alabama, with a higher age-adjusted rate of 39.4 cases per 100,000 than the national metric of 36 cases per 100,000 people. Additionally, racial disparities in colorectal cancer exist in Alabama, with 43.5 cases of colorectal cancer per 100,000 among Black Alabamians as opposed to 39.4 cases per 100,000 overall (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.).  

A systematic review of colorectal cancer screening tests, of which there are multiple types, has indicated substantial existing evidence that various colorectal cancer screening types can reduce CRC mortality, with detection benefits generally outweighing procedure risks. Accordingly, the US Preventive Services Task Force concluded with high certainty that screening adults ages 45 to 75 has at least moderate net benefit, with high net benefit for ages 50 to 75 (Lin et al., 2021; US Preventive Services Task Force, 2021). Despite this recommendation, the American Cancer Society notes that state Medicaid Agencies differ in coverage of colorectal cancer screenings for enrollees (American Cancer Society, 2024). 

 

Proposed Legislation 

Introduced by Senator Larry Stutts (R-District 6), chair of the Senate Health Committee of the Alabama Legislature, SB27 of the 2025 Regular Session would require the Alabama Medicaid Agency to cover noninvasive colorectal cancer screening tests assigned grade A or B by the US Preventive Services Task Force, as well as any colonoscopy done due to a positive screening result, effective immediately. The covered screenings would include, at a minimum, the guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), fecal immunochemical test (FIT), and multi-target stool DNA test (sDNA-FIT). 

Impact 

If SB27 were to pass, Medicaid enrollees in Alabama may receive more colorectal cancer screenings from their providers, leading to earlier, more frequent detection of colorectal cancer. Data from Healthy People 2030 indicates that only 63.5% of people nationally receive colorectal cancer screenings based on recommended guidelines, with worse metrics among non-metropolitan areas and racial/ethnic minorities (Healthy People 2030, n.d.). Considering this current level of screening, along with existing findings on the benefits of colorectal cancer screening and that colorectal cancer is the second leading cancer killer in Alabama according to the Alabama Department of Public Health, coverage of screenings could consequently lead to a reduction in cancer mortality among Alabamians, particularly among Black Alabamians who face a higher prevalence of colorectal cancer (Lin et al., 2021; Alabama Department of Public Health, 2024).  

As of February 19th, 2025, there is no fiscal note on SB27, but there would likely be an increased cost for Alabama Medicaid to cover these screenings and associated colonoscopies for positive screenings. However, a systematic review of colorectal cancer screenings indicated that most common colorectal cancer screening strategies, including gFOBT and FIT, are cost-effective and, in the US, even cost-saving compared to no receiving screenings due early detection of colorectal cancers (Ran et al., 2019). Further analysis would needed to understand the implementation costs and health/cost saving benefits in Alabama of enacting SB27. 

Next Steps 

SB27 is currently pending in Senate Healthcare Committee in the 2025 Regular Session If you want to make your voice heard on this or future legislation, click here to identify your elected officials. 

Don’t know what to say? Check out this guide from the American Civil Liberties Union on drafting a letter to your government officials. 

 

References 

Alabama Department of Public Health. (2024, September 5). Colorectal Cancer. https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/colon/ 

Alabama Medicaid. (n.d.). Covered Services. https://medicaid.alabama.gov/content/4.0_Programs/4.1_Covered_Services.aspx 

American Cancer Society. (2024, January 29). Insurance Coverage for Colorectal Cancer Screening. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-coverage-laws.html 

American Cancer Society. (2025, January 16). Key Statistics for Colorectal Cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.). Colorectal Cancer Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/statistics/index.html 

Healthy People 2030. (n.d.). Increase the proportion of adults who get screened for colorectal cancer – C-07. Data. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/cancer/increase-proportion-adults-who-get-screened-colorectal-cancer-c-07/data?group=All%20groups&from=2023&to=2023&state=United%20States&populations=#edit-submit 

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2024, May 28). Medicaid 101. https://www.kff.org/health-policy-101-medicaid/?entry=table-of-contents-introduction 

Lin J.S., Perdue L.A., Henrikson N.B., Bean S.I., & Blasi P.R. (2021). Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 325(19),1978–1998. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.4417 

Ran, T., Cheng, C., MIsselwitz, B., Brenner, H., Ubels, J., & Schlander, M. (2019). Cost-Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies – A Systematic Review. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 17(10), 1969-1981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.01.014 

US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 325(19), 1965-1977. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.6238 

Student Submission: Throwing Away Free Money

August 11, 2023 | Akshay Aluri, Medical Student

 

Do you like free money?

Everyone seems to except Alabama state legislators. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act expanded Medicaid to cover nearly all adults up to 138% of the Federal Poverty Line. As of today, Alabama remains one of only ten states that has refused to expand Medicaid to provide, per the Kaiser Family Foundation, 350,000 citizens access to healthcare. Recently, the Republican-led North Carolina state legislature came to an agreement with the governor to expand Medicaid by levying a small tax on big hospitals. One of the reasons behind North Carolina’s tentative Medicaid expansion was the dismal state of its rural hospitals and the extra financial incentive from the federal government.

The situation of rural hospitals in Alabama is, if anything, a great deal worse than the one that North Carolina is dealing with. The Alabama Hospital Association has reported that a dozen rural hospitals in our state are on the verge of immediate shutdown. While these hospitals have faced issues for years, the pandemic resulted in record losses of $1.5 billion since 2020–greater than any other state in the country–and their closure would have a deleterious impact on the health of our rural population by forcing them to drive farther to see a doctor. In addition to meeting the healthcare needs of 250,000 Alabamans, the expansion of Medicaid would provide much-needed relief to prevent these hospitals from shutting down. Furthermore, The Kaiser Family Foundation found that Medicaid expansion, in addition to bolstering rural hospitals, would decrease the share of our uninsured populations and, from a physician’s point of view, ensure a decline in uncompensated care.

While the prospect of our rural hospitals shutting down may seem terrifying to ordinary Alabamans, our state legislators and governor continue to insist that Alabama lacks the money to expand Medicaid. It is time to dispel this myth. If our state chooses to expand Medicaid, according to the ACA, the federal government would cover 90% of the costs for the expanded Medicaid coverage. But the incentive to expand Medicaid increased substantially in 2021 when President Biden signed The American Rescue Plan. The ARP offers every state willing to expand Medicaid a “signing bonus” and the additional funds–amounting to nearly a billion dollars per Jane Adams, the former Executive Director of Cover Alabama, a coalition of organizations supporting Medicaid Expansion–would pay for the cost of the expansion for nearly the first five years. Currently, 10% of Alabama’s population is uninsured and the Medicaid expansion would reduce that number substantially. It would allow for patients to get screened for heart disease, cancer, and diabetes early and get treatment for their chronic medical conditions. According to a study from University of California-Davis, the states that expanded Medicaid saw a decline in annual mortality among their most vulnerable populations.

For all the reasons listed above, it is high time that the politicians in Montgomery do right by our poorest citizens and expand Medicaid. It makes economic and moral sense to do so.

Policy Review: Medicaid Expansion’s Impact on Mental Health

November 15, 2021 | Anushree Gade, LHC Student Assistant

Background

 Medicaid and Medicare are often used together, but the qualifications and operations for each are vastly different. Medicare is regulated by the federal government and is age-dependent (for people that are 65 years of age or older). Medicare is not income-based and functions as an insurance plan, providing coverage to seniors who no longer have access to private insurance through an employer. Medicaid, on the other hand, is managed at the state level, which independently creates its own qualification criteria. In Alabama, you must meet income qualifications and fall into one of these categories:

  • Pregnant
  • Blind
  • Have a disability or a family member in the household has a disability
  • Be responsible for someone 18 or younger
  • Be 65 years of age

The low-income designation is assigned depending on the annual household income and the number of people in the household. Medicaid Expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) allowed for more people to be considered eligible for Medicaid. The expansion would ease some of the guidelines that would make Medicaid more inclusive and increase the number of people who qualify for Medicaid. However, Alabama remains one of twelve states who have yet to expand Medicaid even as most states in the northeast and west and adopted and implemented the expansion already.

In March of 2021, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan into law which contained financial incentives for the remaining states to adopt Medicaid expansion. According to the Georgetown University Health Policy Institute, “the American Rescue Plan encourages states to finally take up the Medicaid expansion by offering even more favorable financial incentives than those already in place and allows states to provide longer postpartum health coverage for new mothers. Among its private insurance provisions, the American Rescue Plan provides full premium subsidies for COBRA coverage, substantially increases subsidies for the purchase of health plans offered through the Affordable Care Act’s marketplaces, and targets additional marketplace subsidies to those receiving unemployment benefits.”

Impact on Mental Health 

In a study conducted by researchers at Indiana University, it was identified that Medicaid expansion was responsible for increasing the use of preventative care visits, mental health services, and primary care. Furthermore, this study also observed that Medicaid expansion increased how people perceived their own health. There were lower rates of poor mental health days/psychological distress; moreover, there was increased reporting of better perceived physical health. Researchers suggested that the increase in better mental health perception could be an effect of increased access to medical services. The inability to access health care services could potentially place stress and impact the mental health of individuals. Medicaid expansion would allow more people to access health services; thereby, positively impacting mental health. 

Medicaid expansion would allow for more people who are diagnosed with mental health illness to qualify for Medicaid. The expansion would allow for people, despite disability status, to qualify depending on their income level. This would increase the number of people that can access health care services and mental health care. Medicaid would allow for people with mental illness to access services such as psychotherapy, inpatient psychiatric treatment, and prescription medications.

If a patient makes an appointment with a primary care physician for a checkup, the physician would be able to refer the patient to mental health services covered under Medicaid. However, there are challenges that come with Medicaid referrals including delays associated with processing the referral request and the lack of cooperation between services. These challenges significantly impact one’s ability to get access to health services in a timely manner. Furthermore, there are also challenges associated with continuous access to mental health services. In order to provide continuous care, the social workers are required to justify why the recipient is still in need of mental health services and requires a diagnosis and formalized treatment plan.

Opposition

Medicaid expansion was initially suggested in 2015 by Governor Robert Bentley’s task force. These plans were put forth with intentions to transition to a managed care model. This type of insurance model would allow for contracts with medical professionals and facilities by which they would provide care at reduced costs for those who are covered by that health insurance (if implemented, it would be Alabama Medicaid). However, this would entail increased costs associated with financing it. Eventually, Gov. Bentley dropped the idea as it would promote strong opposition from the state legislature.